Reishi - Ganoderma lucidum – Glänzender Lackporling – Ling Zhi

Reishi

Ganoderma lucidum – Glänzender Lackporling – Ling Zhi

The "Mushroom of Immortality" - "God of Mushrooms"

The "King of Mushrooms" - the mushroom with the most impressive and far-reaching spectrum of medical applications.

Interesting compounds

  • >150 different triterpenoids, at least 45 of which are of the lanostane type (1): cholesterol-lowering, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumoral/anticarcinogenic, antimetastatic, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antiallergic, antiviral (HIV, HSV, and HPV), antibacterial, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and calming effects (1-4).

    • Ganoderic acids – anti-inflammatory and analgesic (3), with an efficacy comparable to diclofenac (5) or stronger than aspirin (1); antitumor, antiandrogenic, and osteoclastogenesis-regulating effects (6). Various ganoderic acids can induce the growth of neurons (lucidenic A, B, S1, Z) (7), showing antihistaminic (C1, C2, D) and anticholesterolemic effects (B, C) (5).

    • Ganoderic acid – blood pressure-lowering (3).

    • Ganodriol F, Ganodermanontriol, Lucidumol-B – anti-HIV, antiviral.

  • >100 different polysaccharides (~40% β-D-glucans of the total content (8)): immunomodulatory, antitumoral, lipid-lowering, antiviral, antifibrotic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects (2,4).

    • Ganoderans: antidiabetic (9) and antitumoral (4).

  • Ling-Zhi 8 (LZ-8): anti-anaphylactic and immunomodulatory effects.

  • Monoterpenes:

    • Trans-anethole: expectorant (3).

    • Carvone, linalool, and 1,8-cineole: antimicrobial (3).

    • Isomenthone and piperitone: antihistaminic, antiasthmatic (3).

  • Sesquiterpene – α-bisabolol: anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic (3).

  • Adenosine: vasodilatory (in the cardiovascular system, brain, retina, kidneys, skin, and peripheral blood vessels), blood-thinning, anxiolytic, stress-reducing, muscle-relaxing, anti-inflammatory (5).

  • Tyrosinase: promotes dopamine and melanin production, supports skin health (5).

  • Ganodermaside A-D (ergosterols extracted from different parts of the mushroom) (7,10,11): anti-aging, life-extending properties (7).

  • Sporules also contain active compounds: choline, betaine, amino acids, ergosterol (10).

  • Nutritional content – various research publishes different results: moisture 6.9-87.02%, protein 7-26.4%, fat 0.59-5%, carbohydrates 0.54-43.1%, polysaccharides 2.11%, fiber 0.1-70.2%, ash 1.8-3.85%, various vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, C, D) and minerals (Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe) (1,5,6,12-14).

Areas of action and applications

  • Cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome (2,3,15-17).

    • Coronary heart disease (CHD) – significant improvement in symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, angina pectoris, and shortness of breath in CHD patients (1,18).

    • Hypertension – significant reduction or normalization of blood pressure in hypertensive patients, with effects noticeable in some cases within two weeks (1,11,18-20).

    • Arrhythmias – improvement in heart rhythm in clinical studies (1).

    • Diabetes mellitus II – administration of G. lucidum has shown its effectiveness as an antihyperglycemic agent, lowering fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose levels (1,11,21,22).

    • Hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia (22) – improvement in patients with dyslipidemia (1,20) and in mice (11).

    • Thrombosis – prevents platelet aggregation, inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (1).

    • Prebiotic – modulates the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota in obese and hypercholesterolemic mice, possibly alleviating metabolic syndrome (6,23).

    • In contrast, an Australian study found no statistically or clinically significant effects of G. lucidum on hyperglycemia, hypertension, or lipid profiles in adults with metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes (17).

  • Hepatoprotective effects

    • Chronic hepatitis B (24,25) A and C – various clinical studies report improved liver function, normalized liver enzymes, alleviated hepatitis B symptoms, and reduced or eliminated hepatitis B antigen levels (1,11).

    • Liver fibrosis (5,26) – administration of G. lucidum reduced oxidative stress and normalized liver morphology in patients with mild liver damage (27).

  • Gastroprotective effects – effective against Helicobacter pylori in vitro (5,11), peptic ulcers in vivo (1), and stomach damage caused by NSAIDs (5).

  • Immunostimulatory effects

    • Stimulates the immune system – increased lymphocyte count in healthy children who consumed yogurt with G. lucidum β-glucans (28).

    • Viral infections (3,15)

      • Herpes zoster virus (HZV) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) – in combination with other medicinal plants (herbal formula WTMCGEPP – Wisteria floribunda, Trapa natans, Miristica agrans, Coix lachryma-jobi, Ganoderma lucidum, Elfuinga applanata, Panax ginseng, and Punica granatum), reduced pain caused by HZV and prevented PHN (29).

      • Human papillomavirus (HPV) – HPV16 and HPV18 were significantly eliminated in patients with gingivitis (30), and also in men with chronic genital inflammation (1).

      • HIV, EBV (1,11), HSV, Influenza (15) – possible inhibitory effects reported from lab studies.

    • Bacterial infections – antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli in vivo (1), Bacillus subtilis (1,31), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in vitro (31).

  • Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects (1,5) – small clinical studies observed that supplementation with G. lucidum improved the antioxidant profile of healthy subjects without causing significant side effects (22). In combination with Cordyceps, non-professional athletes were protected from overtraining syndrome and oxidative stress after exercise (32). The anti-inflammatory effect of G. lucidum was compared with that of diclofenac in mouse models, where 100 mg/kg body weight was administered, achieving a reduction in inflammation of about 50% (6).

  • Complementary cancer treatment (3,33-36).

    • Improves immune status and treatment efficacy (11,22,37) – in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while no improved efficacy of treatment was observed in patients with colorectal, gastrointestinal, or nasopharyngeal cancer (37).

    • Improves quality of life – NSCLC patients showed improved overall quality of life (38).

    • Alleviates chemotherapy-associated side effects.

    • Relieves cancer-related symptoms – anti-fatigue and antidepressant effects in breast cancer patients (39-41), reduces fever, cough, and weakness in advanced lung cancer patients (1).

    • Reduces mortality risk – in patients with gynecological, gastric, and nasopharyngeal cancer (37,41), though not in breast, colorectal, esophageal, liver, and rectal cancer (37).

    • Clinical studies report positive effects of G. lucidum in urinary tract cancer in men (1), prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer (6,10,11,15,33-36), stabilizing disease in gynecological, lung, and previously treated cancer patients (1,11,22,41).

    • In vivo experiments show inhibitory effects in colorectal cancer (1,6,42,43), breast cancer (41,42), triple-negative breast cancer (6), lung cancer (6), ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and leukemia (42). There are few case reports on the effect on cystadenocarcinomas and stabilization of endometrial cancer in animals (42).

    • In vitro results show anticancer potential against breast (1,41,42) and triple-negative breast cancer cells (41), prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, hepatoma (1,42), colorectal (6,42,43), stomach (42), drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lung carcinoma (1,42), ovarian (42), cervical (44), glioblastoma, sarcoma (42), and human leukemia cells (1).

  • Allergies (15,26) and lung diseases (15,45).

    • Allergies – a traditional Chinese medicine herbal formula FAHF-2 (Food Allergy Herbal Formula 2), containing G. lucidum, completely blocked the anaphylactic response in a mouse model of peanut allergy. Mice were fed 20 mg/mouse twice daily for 7 weeks in 0.5 ml of water. The dose was based on an equivalent effective dose conversion table from humans to animals based on body surface area (46).

    • Asthma (1,3,15).

    • COPD (15).

    • Chronic bronchitis – a clinical study from 1986 showed a marked improvement in chronic bronchitis symptoms, with asthmatic patients responding particularly well (1).

  • Fibromyalgia and other musculoskeletal disorders – clinical research reports possible improvements in physical performance, enhanced quality of life perception, and better mood in fibromyalgia patients (47,48). In China, G. lucidum polysaccharide is used to treat atrophic myotonia, dermatomyositis, muscular dystrophy, and polymyositis (41).

  • Autoimmune diseases – rheumatoid arthritis (3,15,26), Myasthenia gravis treatment with G. lucidum is approved in Japan and China (1).

  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (15).

  • Neuroprotective effects (15,45) – protects neurons in the hippocampus by inhibiting apoptosis due to oxidative stress (7,49).

    • Epilepsy (26,50).

    • Parkinson's disease (15,51) – G. lucidum extract significantly inhibits microglial activation, responsible for neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease, and regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression, ultimately protecting against further dopaminergic neuron death (49). A self-medicating patient experienced improvements only in non-motor symptoms through mindfulness, but no changes in motor symptoms (52).

    • Alzheimer's disease (1,26,51,53) – data mainly from in vivo studies.

    • Multiple sclerosis (15) – potential for repairing damaged nerves (5).

    • Cognitive function – improves cognitive function in vivo (51), though the combination with O. sinensis did not enhance cognitive function in young healthy participants (54).

  • Mental health (15,45,55) – mainly affects conditions associated with adrenal insufficiency (1).

    • Anxiety.

    • Depression.

    • Insomnia.

    • Neurasthenia/Burnout syndrome (56).

  • Oral health – prevents stomatitis by increasing IgA and reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms (5), significantly reduces HPV in patients with gingivitis (30).

  • Skin health – potential activity against acne, eczema, warts, contact allergies, inflammation, and swelling. Contains anti-aging, whitening, moisturizing, and UV-protection properties (1,5,57). Topical application of G. lucidum improves fibroblast proliferation and migration, promoting wound healing (5,22).

  • Reproductive system – anecdotal evidence suggests that G. lucidum can improve conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, irregular menstruation, endometriosis, pre- and menopause, increase estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels, libido, and fertility, and improve sperm parameters (1,5).

  • Osteoporosis (1,5).

  • Traditional uses – regarded as an adaptogen (1,5,11,22).

    • Improves physical health, energy, nourishes and supports all organs, increases longevity.

    • Enhances mental health, memory, reduces concentration issues, sharpens intelligence, strengthens willpower, calms a stressed and restless mind.

    • Stimulates sexual performance and endurance, balances endocrine and hormone levels.

    • Revitalizes blood and heart.

    • Relieves chest tightness.

    • Eliminates toxins and phlegm.

    • Coronary heart disease, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia.

    • Cough, bronchitis, asthma.

    • Chronic hepatitis, liver disease.

    • Stomach ulcers.

    • Nephritis.

    • Neuralgia, neurasthenia.

    • Arthritis.

    • Cancer.

    • Weight loss, anorexia.

    • Weakness and cognitive decline after prolonged illness.

    • Dizziness.

    • Insomnia.

    • Antidote for mushroom poisoning.

    • Prevention of altitude sickness.

    • In TCM, regarded as warming, astringent, nourishing, detoxifying, and tonifying.

References

  1. Rogers RD. The fungal pharmacy: the complete guide to medicinal mushrooms and lichens of North America. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books; 2011. 591 p.

  2. Haertel B, Rimböck M, Neuerer T. Vitalpilze – modulierend - aufbauend - stärkend. Salzburg: Druckerei Roser GmbH; 2019.

  3. Guthmann J. Heilende Pilze: die wichtigsten Arten der Welt: Beschreibung - Inhaltsstoffe - Wirkung. 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag; 2021. 446 p.

  4. Paterson RRM. Ganoderma - a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry. 2006 Sep;67(18):1985–2001.

  5. Dr Walter Ardigò. Healing with Medicinal Mushrooms. A practical handbook. Youcanprint; 2017. 394 p.

  6. Rossi P, Difrancia R, Quagliariello V, Savino E, Tralongo P, Randazzo CL, et al. B-glucans from Grifola frondosa and Ganoderma lucidum in breast cancer: an example of complementary and integrative medicine. Oncotarget. 2018 May 15;9(37):24837–56.

  7. Yadav SK, Ir R, Jeewon R, Doble M, Hyde KD, Kaliappan I, et al. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/a-1177-4834. Planta Med. 2020 Nov;86(16):1161–75.

  8. Stamets P. Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms =: Shokuyō oyobi yakuyō kinoko no saibai. 3rd ed. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press; 2000. 574 p.

  9. Hikino H, Konno C, Mirin Y, Hayashi T. Isolation and Hypoglycemic Activity of Ganoderans A and B, Glycans of Ganoderma lucidum Fruit Bodies1. Planta Med. 1985 Aug;51(4):339–40.

  10. PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Medicinal Mushrooms (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002 [cited 2022 Jan 18]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401261/

  11. Coates PM, Paul MC, Blackman M, Blackman MR, editors. Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) = Solomon P. Wasser. In: Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements (Online). CRC Press; 2004.

  12. Yu Q, Guo M, Zhang B, Wu H, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Analysis of Nutritional Composition in 23 Kinds of Edible Fungi. Journal of Food Quality. 2020 Oct 26;2020

  13. Wachtel-Galor S, Yuen J, Buswell JA, Benzie IFF. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects [Internet]. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011 [cited 2022 Jan 18]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92757/

  14. Sharif S, Shahid M, Mushtaq M, Akram S, Rashid A. Wild Mushrooms: A Potential Source of Nutritional and Antioxidant Attributes with Acceptable Toxicity. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2017 Jun;22(2):124–30.

  15. Rebensburg P, Kappl A. Gesund mit Heilpilzen: Immunsystem stärken, Krankheiten heilen und Beschwerden lindern. München: riva; 2020. 271 p.

  16. Sargowo D, Ovianti N, Susilowati E, Ubaidillah N, Widya Nugraha A, Vitriyaturrida null, et al. The role of polysaccharide peptide of Ganoderma lucidum as a potent antioxidant against atherosclerosis in high risk and stable angina patients. Indian Heart J. 2018 Oct;70(5):608–14.

  17. Klupp NL, Kiat H, Bensoussan A, Steiner GZ, Chang DH. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 11;6:29540.

  18. Gao Y, Chen G, Daiy X, Yey J, Zhou S. A Phase I/II Study of Ling Zhi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Extract in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms - INT J MED MUSHROOMS. 2004 sausio;6:327–34.

  19. Kanmatsuse K, Kajiwara N, Hayashi K, Shimogaichi S, Fukinbara I, Ishikawa H, et al. [Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. I. Efficacy against hypertension and side effects]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1985 Oct;105(10):942–7.

  20. Chu TTW, Benzie IFF, Lam CWK, Fok BSP, Lee KKC, Tomlinson B. Study of potential cardioprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): results of a controlled human intervention trial. Br J Nutr. 2012 Apr;107(7):1017–27.

  21. Gao Y, Lan J, Dai X, Ye J, Zhou S. A Phase I/II Study of Ling Zhi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.Fr.)Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Extract in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. IJM [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2022 Jan 18];6(1). Available from: https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,0738f8d34e863c74,1629a45749954343.html

  22. Varghese R, Dalvi YB, Lamrood PY, Shinde BP, Nair CKK. Historical and current perspectives on therapeutic potential of higher basidiomycetes: an overview. 3 Biotech. 2019 Sep 17;9(10):362.

  23. Bu F, Zhang S, Duan Z, Ding Y, Chen T, Wang R, et al. A critical review on the relationship of herbal medicine, Akkermansia muciniphila, and human health. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Aug;128:110352.

  24. Gao Y, Zhou S, Chen G, Dai X, Ye J, Gao H. A Phase I/II Study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Ling Zhi, Reishi Mushroom) Extract in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. IJM [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2022 Jan 18];4(4). Available from: https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,72e968661ff5d957,09001a9418679e96.html

  25. Clinical Observation of Wulingdan Pill Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B--《Journal of The Fourth Military Medical University》1987年06期 [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 18]. Available from: https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DSJY198706010.htm

  26. Martin Powell. Medicinal mushrooms. [Internet]. Place of publication not identified: Mycology Press; [cited 2021 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/11571096

  27. Chiu H-F, Fu H-Y, Lu Y-Y, Han Y-C, Shen Y-C, Venkatakrishnan K, et al. Triterpenoids and polysaccharide peptides-enriched Ganoderma lucidum: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of its antioxidation and hepatoprotective efficacy in healthy volunteers. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2017 Jan 1;55(1):1041–6.

  28. Vlassopoulou M, Yannakoulia M, Pletsa V, Zervakis GI, Kyriacou A. Effects of fungal beta-glucans on health – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct. 2021 Apr 26;12(8):3366–80.

  29. Hijikata Y, Yasuhara A, Sahashi Y. Effect of an herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum on reduction of herpes zoster pain: a pilot clinical trial. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(4):517–23.

  30. Donatini B. Control of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) by medicinal mushrooms, Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum: a preliminary clinical trial. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(5):497–8.

  31. Vazirian M, Faramarzi MA, Ebrahimi SES, Esfahani HRM, Samadi N, Hosseini SA, et al. Antimicrobial Effect of the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Higher Basidiomycetes) and Its Main Compounds. Int J Med Mushr. 2014;16(1):77–84.

  32. Rossi P, Buonocore D, Altobelli E, Brandalise F, Cesaroni V, Iozzi D, et al. Improving Training Condition Assessment in Endurance Cyclists: Effects of Ganoderma lucidum and Ophiocordyceps sinensis Dietary Supplementation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:1–11.

  33. Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DM, Chan GC. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 5;2016(4)

  34. Gao Y, Zhou S, Chen G, Dai X, Ye J. A Phase I/II Study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. Extract (Ganopofy) in Patients with Advanced Cancer. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2002 sausio;4:8.

  35. Gao Y, Dai X, Chen G, Ye J, Zhou S. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Polysaccharides (Ganopoly®) in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer. IJM [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2022 Jan 18];5(4). Available from: https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,40f85691198060b9,29caf9ba3f525dbb.html

  36. Chen X, Hu Z-P, Yang X-X, Huang M, Gao Y, Tang W, et al. Monitoring of immune responses to a herbal immuno-modulator in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Mar;6(3):499–508.

  37. Zhong L, Yan P, Lam WC, Yao L, Bian Z. Coriolus Versicolor and Ganoderma Lucidum Related Natural Products as an Adjunct Therapy for Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jul 3;10:703.

  38. Liu J, Mao JJ, Li SQ, Lin H. Preliminary Efficacy and Safety of Reishi & Privet Formula on Quality of Life Among Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 2020 Dec;19:1534735420944491.

  39. Bao P-P, Lu W, Cui Y, Zheng Y, Gu K, Chen Z, et al. Ginseng and Ganoderma lucidum use after breast cancer diagnosis and quality of life: a report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study. PLoS One. 2012;7(6)

  40. Zhao H, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Huang X, Wang J, Kang X. Spore Powder of Ganoderma lucidum Improves Cancer-Related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Endocrine Therapy: A Pilot Clinical Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:809614.

  41. Wong JH, Ng TB, Chan HHL, Liu Q, Man GCW, Zhang CZ, et al. Mushroom extracts and compounds with suppressive action on breast cancer: evidence from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020 Jun;104(11):4675–703.

  42. Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Bielecka J, Mielcarek K, Grabia M, Socha K. Treasures from the forest: Evaluation of mushroom extracts as anti-cancer agents. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Nov;143:112106.

  43. Kong M-Y, Li L-Y, Lou Y-M, Chi H-Y, Wu J-J. Chinese herbal medicines for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer: From molecular mechanisms to potential clinical applications. J Integr Med. 2020 Sep;18(5):369–84.

  44. Jin H, Song C, Zhao Z, Zhou G. Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide, an Extract from Ganoderma Lucidum, Exerts Suppressive Effect on Cervical Cancer Cell Malignancy through Mitigating Epithelial-Mesenchymal and JAK/STAT5 Signaling Pathway. Pharmacology. 2020;105(7–8):461–70.

  45. Bianchi I, Marrocchesi R. Guarire con i funghi medicinali: propriet?? terapeutiche e istruzioni per l’uso dei 12 funghi medicinali più importanti. Treviso: Editoriale Programma; 2015.

  46. Srivastava KD, Kattan JD, Zou ZM, Li JH, Zhang L, Wallenstein S, et al. The Chinese herbal medicine formula FAHF-2 completely blocks anaphylactic reactions in a murine model of peanut allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2005 Jan;115(1):171–8.

  47. Olivares PR. GANODERMA LUCIDUM MEJORA LA CONDICIÓN FÍSICA EN MUJERES CON FIBROMIALGIA. NUTRICION HOSPITALARIA. 2015 Nov 1;(5):2126–35.

  48. Pazzi F, Adsuar JC, Domínguez-Muñoz FJ, García-Gordillo MA, Gusi N, Collado-Mateo D. Ganoderma lucidum Effects on Mood and Health-Related Quality of Life in Women with Fibromyalgia. Healthcare (Basel). 2020 Nov 30;8(4)

  49. Rai SN, Mishra D, Singh P, Vamanu E, Singh MP. Therapeutic applications of mushrooms and their biomolecules along with a glimpse of in silico approach in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 May;137:111377.

  50. Wang G, Li X, Cao W, Li J, Wang L. A retrospective study of Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder for patients with epilepsy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jun 18;97(23)

  51. Remya VR, Chandra G, Mohanakumar KP. Edible Mushrooms as Neuro-nutraceuticals: Basis of Therapeutics. In: Agrawal DC, Dhanasekaran M, editors. Medicinal Mushrooms [Internet]. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019 [cited 2021 Dec 27]. p. 71–101. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_2

  52. Kuypers KPC. Self-Medication with Ganoderma lucidum (“Reishi”) to Combat Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms: A Single Case Study. J Med Food. 2021 Jul;24(7):766–73.

  53. Lee W, Fujihashi A, Govindarajulu M, Ramesh S, Deruiter J, Majrashi M, et al. Role of Mushrooms in Neurodegenerative Diseases. In: Agrawal DC, Dhanasekaran M, editors. Medicinal Mushrooms [Internet]. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019 [cited 2021 Dec 27]. p. 223–49. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_8

  54. Tsuk S, Lev JH, Rotstein A, Carasso R, Zeev A, Netz Y, et al. Clinical Effects of a Commercial Supplement of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum on Cognitive Function of Healthy Young Volunteers. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2017;19(8):667–73.

  55. Socala K, Nieoczym D, Grzywnowicz K, Stefaniuk D, Wlaz P. Evaluation of Anticonvulsant, Antidepressant-, and Anxiolytic-like Effects of an Aqueous Extract from Cultured Mycelia of the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Higher Basidiomycetes) in Mice. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2015;17(3):209–18.

  56. Tang W, Gao Y, Chen G, Gao H, Dai X, Ye J, et al. A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study of a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract in neurasthenia. J Med Food. 2005;8(1):53–8.

  57. Li L-D, Mao P-W, Shao K-D, Bai X-H, Zhou X-W. Ganoderma proteins and their potential applications in cosmetics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Dec;103(23–24):9239–50.